Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 (Section 11)
Quick answer
The cornerstone repair-obligation statute for residential lets in England and Wales. Section 11 implies into every short-term residential tenancy a landlord obligation to keep in repair the structure and exterior of the property, and to keep in repair and proper working order the installations for water, gas, electricity, sanitation, space heating and water heating. Cannot be contracted out of. Breach is the basis for tenant disrepair claims, and Section 11 is what actually bites on a private landlord today — Awaab’s Law SLA enforcement is a social-sector regime the Renters Rights Act 2025 carries the power to extend to the PRS.
At a glance
- Covers
- Structure and exterior; water, gas, electricity, sanitation, heating
- Cannot be excluded
- The obligation is implied into the tenancy by statute
- Trigger
- Notice of the defect, then a reasonable time to repair
- Remedy
- Damages, often as a percentage rent reduction, plus specific performance
Full guide
Read the complete landlord guide on Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 (Section 11)
Deadlines, fines and step-by-step compliance in our in-depth resource.
Open full guideWhy Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 (Section 11) matters for landlords
Section 11 is the repairing obligation that actually binds a private landlord today — not Awaab’s Law, which remains a social-sector duty. It is implied into the tenancy by statute and cannot be contracted out of, however the agreement is drafted. The practical trigger is **notice**: your duty to repair generally starts when you are told, which is why a dated log of what the tenant reported and what you did matters more than any clause. The remedy is damages, commonly expressed as a percentage of rent for the period affected, and — the part landlords underestimate — it can be raised as a counterclaim inside your own possession case, where it is set off against the arrears.
Tracked inside LetCompliance
Stop tracking Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 (Section 11) in spreadsheets
LetCompliance scores every property 0–100 across Gas Safety, EICR, EPC, deposits, Right to Rent and Fire Risk — with deadline reminders 90/30/14/7/1 days out and a court-ready PDF you can export in one click. Built for UK landlords + letting agents.
Official sources
LetCompliance editorial reviews this entry every quarter against the sources above. Always confirm specific duties with a qualified solicitor or your local council.
Related terms
Legionella Risk Assessment
A written assessment of the risk of legionella bacteria in the property's water system. Required by HSE under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002. Not a formal certificate, but landlords must demonstrate they have considered the risk.
Banning Order
A court order under Part 2 of the Housing and Planning Act 2016 banning a person convicted of certain housing offences from letting property, engaging in lettings agency work or holding an HMO licence. Triggered by a banning-order offence (Schedule 1 of the Act): includes serious housing-condition offences, illegal eviction and unlawful HMO operation. A banned landlord is added to the national database of rogue landlords and breach of the order is itself a criminal offence with up to 51 weeks’ imprisonment.
Civil Penalty Notice
A financial penalty up to £30,000 a local housing authority can impose as an alternative to criminal prosecution under the Housing and Planning Act 2016, the Housing Act 2004 (HMO offences) and various tenancy offences. Common triggers: failure to comply with an Improvement Notice, breach of HMO licensing, unlawful eviction, breach of selective licensing or letting an unsafe property. The landlord can appeal to the First-tier Tribunal within 28 days; unpaid penalties are recoverable in the County Court.
Council Tax
The tax charged on residential property by the local authority. Tenants are usually liable while the property is let as their main residence. Landlords become liable during void periods and for most HMOs (where each tenant has their own AST).
Decent Homes Standard (DHS)
A government standard for minimum housing quality: free of Category 1 HHSRS hazards, in a reasonable state of repair, with reasonably modern facilities and reasonable thermal comfort. It currently applies to social housing. The Renters’ Rights Act 2025 provides the power to extend it to the private rented sector, but the regulations have not been made — the Government’s implementation roadmap proposes 2035 or 2037, so it is not a duty on private landlords today.
Disrepair
A property condition falling below the landlord’s repairing obligations under Section 11 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 or the Homes (Fitness for Human Habitation) Act 2018. Tenants can sue for damages and specific performance. Disrepair is not in itself a defence to a possession claim, but a damages counterclaim can be set off against rent arrears — which can drop the arrears below the Ground 8 threshold — and it weighs against the landlord on the reasonableness test for discretionary grounds.